Cannabis in Italy – Laws, Use, and History

The Italian flag and a cannabis plant

Using cannabis in Italy is not illegal. However, possessing or selling it is. The law is lenient on those caught with cannabis for the first time, but repeat offences usually incur administrative sanctions. Italy legalised cannabis for medicinal use in 2007, when the government acknowledged the therapeutic benefits of THC for a variety of medical conditions.

    • Capital
    • Roma (Rome)
    • Population
    • 58,623,000
    • CBD Products
    • Legal under 0.6% THC
    • Recreational cannabis
    • Illegal
    • Medicinal cannabis
    • Legal since 2007

Cannabis laws in Italy

Can you possess and use cannabis in Italy?

The 1990 Consolidated Law is still used as a framework for the prevention, prohibition and punishment of drug-related activities. Under this law, use of cannabis is not illegal, but possession is.

Law 79 (introduced in 2014) identified cannabis as one of the less dangerous drugs. Possessing cannabis may result in the suspension of a driving licence, or the loss of it for one to three months. For harder drugs, this punishment is extended to two to twelve months. First-time offenders usually receive a warning and a formal request, asking them to stop using cannabis.

The law further changed in 2016, permitting and regulating hemp production. This resulted in what some call Italy’s ‘cannabis mania’, with many retailers selling ‘cannabis light’ in their shops. While this can be purchased freely, the law does not permit its consumption in any form. Instead, it is sold as a ‘collectors’ item’ and can only be used for ‘technical purposes’.

A wooden gavel with cannabis on it

Can you sell cannabis in Italy?

It is illegal to sell or supply cannabis in Italy. If caught selling cannabis, the punishment is less severe than for ‘hard drugs’ (e.g. cocaine or heroin). Selling heroin, for example, can result in up to twenty two years in prison. By contrast, sale of cannabis only results in a maximum of six years.

There are some exceptions to this. If the offence is regarded as minor, the prison sentence is limited to a maximum of four years and could be as little as six months. When passing sentence, the Italian judicial system takes into account the mode of sale, the offender’s character, their conduct and the motives for selling.

Can you grow cannabis in Italy?

Hemp cultivation has been legal in Italy since 2016. This has proved to be of significant benefit to some Italian businesses, who have started manufacturing hemp-based products such as hemp pasta and building materials. It is also legally grown by the Italian military – the only organisation currently permitted to grow medicinal-strength cannabis. At present, they are struggling to keep up with demand.

Also in 2016, Italy’s parliament debated the possibility of legalising the cultivation of up to five plants for personal use. The suggestion met with strong opposition, notably from Catholic law-makers and the far-right political parties. 

Cannabis plants growing indoors

Is CBD legal in Italy?

Therapeutic CBD oil (used for medical conditions) is legal to purchase and use. It can only be purchased with a doctor’s prescription from a pharmacy.

It is also legal to purchase CBD oil without a prescription, but the levels of THC (the component that provides the ‘high’) must be 0.6% or less. It can be sold as a ‘food additive’ (much like hempseed oil) but not for ‘technical use’.

The chemical formula of CBD and a cannabis plant

Can cannabis seeds be sent to Italy?

It is legal to purchase and sell cannabis seeds in most European countries, including Italy. It is also legal to send them in the post. However, Italian law does not permit the cultivation of cannabis seeds, so you cannot grow plants from them.

The sale and purchase of cannabis flowers (known as buds) is also legal, as long as the THC content is below 0.6%. Called ‘cannabis light’ by Italians, the ‘bud’ industry is thriving. Gennaro Maulucci, who organises a hemp-based trade fair in Italy, comments that: “It’s a new economy, it feels like Silicon Valley.” He adds that “even cannabis light can contribute to the normalisation of cannabis.”

Medicinal cannabis in Italy

In 2013, the Italian government legalised the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes. But up until 2017, patients were only able to use Bedrocan – a product that is imported from the Netherlands and is expensive to buy.

In 2014, parliament legalised cannabis production in Italy. However, only the Ministry of Defence were permitted to grow it. As a result, the military-owned Institute of Pharmaceuticals in Florence is the only place that cultivates cannabis for medicinal use. Astonishing as it may seem, the Italian military are responsible for growing cannabis!

Demand for medicinal cannabis has been increasing steadily year after year. Some, however, regard the price and complexity of obtaining it as not worth the effort. This means that individuals are still turning to black market suppliers, rather than operating within the law. 

A person in medical gear inspecting a cannabis plant

Industrial hemp in Italy

In the 1940s, Italy was believed to be one of the world’s largest producers of hemp. Over 100 hectares of land were devoted to its cultivation. This changed after World War II, when hemp production was banned entirely.

In 2017, the Italian Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies issued a new directive stating that hemp cultivation was legal again. Stipulations were put into place:

  • The level of THC should not exceed 0.2%, as stated in European legislation
  • If it is higher but does not exceed 0.6%, the farmer will not be penalised
  • If plants contain more than 0.6% THC, the authorities have the right to destroy or impound the farmer’s crops / growing facility

Italy’s political parties and cannabis

Many of the popular political parties in Italy have differing views on the legalisation of cannabis. The Five Star Movement (who are largely ‘anti-establishment’) believes that it should be legalised, as do the Democratic Party (PD).

Their views are met with strong opposition. The far-right League Party are openly against cannabis use and oppose all suggestions to legalise it. Likewise, the Roman Catholic Church adopts a strong stance against it.

With Italy’s political future in the balance, the legalisation of cannabis relies largely on which party will be voted into government next.

Good to know

If you are travelling to Italy (or currently reside there), it is useful to know the following:

  • 20.7% of young adults claim to use cannabis in Italy (‘young adults’ are defined as being between 15 and 34 years old).
  • Herbal cannabis and hash (cannabis resin) are the most commonly seized drugs in the country.
  • In 2016, the government attempted to pass a law permitting individuals to grow up to five cannabis plants in their own home. The law would also have allowed the formation of social cannabis groups (up to 50 growers). The law was not passed, due to strong opposition from other political parties and the Roman Catholic Church.

Italian cannabis history

Hemp cultivation in Italy dates back as far as the Roman era, with considerable cannabis growth occurring in the 1st century CE. There is also plenty of evidence that it was grown in medieval times, as a source of food, fabric and building material.

In the early 1900s, the Italian hemp trade flourished. There were four main varieties of hemp grown at this time:

  • The Canapa Picola (small hemp) in the Arno Valley in Tuscany
  • The Bologna (great hemp) in Bologna, Ferrara and Rovigo
  • The Neapolitan (large-seeded variety) in Naples
  • The Neapolitan (small-seeded variety), also in Naples

By the 1940s, Italy was one of the largest producers of hemp in the world. This booming industry declined rapidly after the Second World War. The introduction of synthetic fibres meant that there was less need for hemp fabric, and the growing negativity towards cannabis resulted in the government making hemp cultivation illegal.

Attitudes shifted again at the start of the 21st century. In 2016, industrial hemp production was legalised, leaving businesses free to start cultivating cannabis once more.

Modern attitudes to cannabis

Italy has a significant population of cannabis users. UNODC data suggests that in terms of prevalence of cannabis smoking, the country ranks twelfth in the world. Permitting the sale of ‘light cannabis’ also highlights the government’s relatively liberal stance.

However, others stand in direct opposition and call for cannabis to be made totally illegal again. The Roman Catholic Church is a notable example.

Can you receive cannabis on prescription in Italy?

Only patients with a doctor’s prescription and ministerial approval have access to medicinal cannabis. Some of the qualifying conditions are:

Patients must have tried other treatments before being prescribed medicinal cannabis. Additionally, some of the conditions must be a result of other diseases or treatments. For example, anorexia or nausea must result from chemotherapy, radiation therapy or HIV / AIDS, and not be the primary condition itself.

Medicinal cannabis is only available from a pharmacy. Upon receiving the medication, a receipt must be supplied, signed and stamped by the pharmacist as an official record of the prescribed treatment.

It is not available on repeat prescription. To receive more supplies of medicinal cannabis, another prescription from the GP is required.

What is ‘Cannabis Light’?

‘Cannabis light’, which is usually sold in small jars, consists of just the flowers (‘buds’) of the cannabis plant. It is termed ‘light’ as its level of THC is 0.6% or below, which is far lower than the average 14% THC found in recreational cannabis. This means that ‘cannabis light’ does not produce a ‘high’.

The popularity of ‘cannabis light’ grew after hemp production was legalised in 2016. The law regulated the use of the hemp plant but not the flowers themselves, and producers saw a way to make a profit from this legislative void. Currently, over 500 shops in Italy stock it.

It is not just the retailers that benefit from these cannabis buds. Hemp farmers welcome the change in the law too. Salvo Scuderi, president of the agricultural cooperative Colli Erei, comments: “We launched a clear message: producing cannabis doesn’t just mean regenerating the land; it is also a way to weaken the mafia, which for decades has continued uninhibited in its quest to control the criminal business of drugs trafficking, and to give back to the farmers what the bosses had taken away from them.”

  • Disclaimer:
    While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this article, it is not intended to provide legal advice, as individual situations will differ and should be discussed with an expert and/or lawyer.

Comments

16 thoughts on “Cannabis in Italy – Laws, Use, and History”

  1. Joseph Hardwick

    I liked your article!
    Do you have any up to date info on growing medicinal cannabis for people with
    farm land? There must be a source to find this info and the restrictions etc?
    Thanks for your help!

    1. Scarlet Palmer - Sensi Seeds

      Hi Joseph,

      Thanks for your feedback! I’m glad you enjoyed the article. I agree that there must be a source for the information that you are searching for, but unfortunately, it’s not here. I suppose that consulting a legal expert based in Italy would be your best option, or possibly visiting the Italian Embassy in your country of residence? If you do obtain further information, please do let us know what you discovered. Good luck with your research!

      With best wishes,

      Scarlet

  2. Thanks for informative article. One note – 70% THC in street cannabis highly doubtful unless referring to concentrates. Clarification indicated. Thanks.

    1. Scarlet Palmer - Sensi Seeds

      Hi Alessandro,

      Thank you for your comment. I have passed your question on to the author of this article and I hope to hear from her soon.

      With best wishes,

      Scarlet

      1. Miranda - Sensi Seeds

        Hi Alessandro,

        Regarding your comment, these are 3 of the links to the Spanish articles where the information I used in mine came from:
        http://www.culturacannabica.es/2017/01/11/la-marihuana-llega-a-italia-pero-en-farmacias-y-con-recetas/
        https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20170109/la-marihuana-llega-a-las-farmacias-en-italia-5731978
        http://www.diariodeleon.es/noticias/sociedad/marihuana-llega-farmacias-italia_1128250.html
        The same article was published in various media in Spanish. In the 3rd paragraph, you can find this sentence:
        “No se trata de un equivalente a la marihuana droga, ya que el principio activo de la FM2 alcanza un máximo del 24% frente al 70% de la de la calle.”
        The source was another article published originally in Italian by La stampa, which I did check in order to contrast information (but unfortunately I don’t speak Italian). Maybe due to the translation made by these media from Italian into Spanish, something was misundestood. I agree with you these percentages don’t seem quite right.
        Thank you so much for pointing it out!

        With best wishes,

        Miranda

    2. Miranda - Sensi Seeds

      Hi Alessandro,

      Regarding your comment, these are 3 of the links to the Spanish articles where the information I used in mine came from:
      http://www.culturacannabica.es/2017/01/11/la-marihuana-llega-a-italia-pero-en-farmacias-y-con-recetas/
      https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20170109/la-marihuana-llega-a-las-farmacias-en-italia-5731978
      http://www.diariodeleon.es/noticias/sociedad/marihuana-llega-farmacias-italia_1128250.html
      The same article was published in various media in Spanish. In the 3rd paragraph, you can find this sentence:
      “No se trata de un equivalente a la marihuana droga, ya que el principio activo de la FM2 alcanza un máximo del 24% frente al 70% de la de la calle.”
      The source was another article published originally in Italian by La stampa, which I did check in order to contrast information (but unfortunately I don’t speak Italian). Maybe due to the translation made by these media from Italian into Spanish, something was misundestood. I agree with you these percentages don’t seem quite right.
      Thank you so much for pointing it out!

      With best wishes,

      Miranda

  3. Hi Miranda,

    I see, and I appreciate about your thinking and care towards the patients.

    Keep Sharing,

  4. we have a huge increase of requests from Italy! Italians love weed and if not available there, they just come and cross the Swiss border and shop. Therefore we will soon open a store at the Italian border.

  5. I want to know is weed in Cairo before I retired go back home ………..please I am person with disability ..

  6. Typical of that scumbag Berlusconi, no surprise there.

    Anyone against legalization of cannabis is uninformed, retrograde and will become increasingly irrelevant over time. Hemp will transform the world once conscious people everywhere demand it.

  7. Paolo Maria Addabbo

    the article is wrong about the limit of 0.5 -1.5 g. of weed/hash. the previous “acts” of the Berlusconi’s government, introducing a huge change through a “straordinary” procedure (against Italian rules for the court as mentioned by you, but not only for this), introduced also a new “criteria”: police/prosecutors will understand if a marijuana/drug possesor is a dealer, also, but not only, from the “limit” of the main ingredient (through expensive tests). The Berlusconi’s “company” declared on the press for years, that the “limit” was a fundamental factor. So thought many prosecutors and police offers, but the Supreme court and other courts confirmed, basically, that they were not fully aware of the law written by themselves-their assistants (in particular the politician, in charge of Italian drug policy, Giovanardi). one of the consequences: compensations for real drug dealers and consumers for wrongful convictions, money wasted for tests to understand that poor weed/hash reaches the law-limit of “thc” (rised from 0.5 to 1g and lowred again to 0.5, according to them about 10-30 joints, so a lot) with about 5 grams o weed/hash… and actually hash and weed were the “only” drug for wich the non-penal sanctions could be adovided, for a first offence, with a simple warning (even if they had made all drugs equal?!!).

  8. FAKE FAKE FAKE!!!!!!!
    I live in Milan and i’ve read this news also in some italian websites, but it’s all bullshit there is no possibility to open a social club in Italy just because selling is illigal. We problably need at list 10 more years to have a real depenalisation of pot here in Italy

  9. Hugh Robertson

    ” THC and Dronabinol are classified as medicines while cannabis is classified as an addictive dangerous drug. (schedule I and II)”

    Then

    ” the Italian government legally allows the medicinal use of cannabis in all its forms”

    Is it “all its forms” or is it just derivatives?

    1. Hello Hugh,

      The official text in Italian says:
      Medicinali di origine vegetale a base di Cannabis (sostanze e preparazioni vegetali, inclusi estratti e tinture)

      Which can be translated by the following:
      Cannabis plant-based Medicine (herbal substances and preparations, including extracts and tinctures)

      The applications of this law is still to be determined but it should include all forms of medicinal cannabis as described in the official declaration.

  10. alexander sippel

    I used to live in Italy when i was 2, give me another. good. excuse to go back 😀

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