by Seshata on 01/04/2013 | Medicinal

Cannabinoid Science 101: What is Anandamide?

Anandamide Anandamide is also known as N-arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA, and is an endogenous analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. Anandamide has an effect on both the CB1 and CB2 receptors; with the CB1 receptors more affected in the central nervous system and the CB2 receptors more affected in the periphery.

Chemical properties of anandamide

Anandamide belongs to a class of bioactive lipids known as fatty acid amides (FAAs). However, anandamide is also said to belong to the class of eicosanoids, a group of lipids derived from arachidonic acid and other essential fatty acids (EFAs). Anandamide is a large molecule made up of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon atoms, with the molecular formula C22H37NO2 and a molar mass of 347.53 g/mol.

As well as a hydroxyl group (an oxygen atom joined by covalent bond to a hydrogen atom), the anandamide molecule consists of a single nitrogen-hydrogen pairing and a hydrocarbon tail. The hydrocarbon tail of a molecule is hydrophobic but lipophilic, meaning that it is soluble in fat but does not dissolve in water. This hydrophobic property is common to all lipids and all known cannabinoids, which are lipidic in nature.

How the body produces anandamide

Anandamide is produced in the cell membranes and tissues of the body. In order to synthesise the molecule, the precursor molecule N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) is needed. NAPE itself is made by the bonding of arachidonic acid (an omega-6 EFA) and a free amine through the action of the enzyme N-acyltransferase. Variations in dietary consumption of arachidonic acid can alter the levels of anandamide present in the brain.

A diagram showing the synthesis of anandamide from a precursor molecule, its release, binding and eventual degradation

Anandamide is degraded by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme, which converts the molecule back into arachidonic acid and ethanolamine, another amine. Due to its comparatively short half-life and high fat solubility, anandamide is considered a “fragile” molecule, and its effects are short-lived—unlike THC, which can remain in the fatty tissues for several weeks.

The effects of anandamide

Anandamide plays an important role in the regulation of appetite, pleasure and reward, and elevated levels may increase the pleasure experienced on consumption of food. Anandamide has been found in chocolate, and is thought to be partly responsible for the intense enjoyment experienced while eating it. Anandamide may also be partly responsible for pain regulation and sleep patterns.

Anandamide also has an important and as yet poorly understood role in hormonal balance and the reproductive system. During ovulation, plasma levels of anandamide are at their highest, as are levels of the sex hormones gonadotrophin and estradiol (a type of estrogen). However, it is not clear exactly what relationship these substances have with each other. Anandamide is also vital in ensuring the healthy implantation of the young embryo into the epithelium (wall) of the uterus in early pregnancy.

(A) - at low concentrations, anandamide may activate CB1 receptors on the surface of embryonic cells, facilitating implantation; (B) at higher concentrations, anandamide may prevent implantation by reducing calcium entry — (A) – at low concentrations, anandamide may activate CB1 receptors on the surface of embryonic cells, facilitating implantation; (B) at higher concentrations, anandamide may prevent implantation by reducing calcium entry

Comment Section

Jedaidah

I would like to cite this information on the definition and description of Anandamide as I write my prospectus but I do not see any information of the author, year, publisher etc, that are needed to cite. Please may you give me this citation information. Thanks.

01/12/2014

Sean

What should be eaten for precursors to anandamide?

07/01/2015

Jedaidah Chilufya

Good summary but where is the scientific demonstration and confirmation that anandamide is found in chocolate? I would safely say Anandamide-like structures are found in moss but not the actual N-arachidonylethanolamine. Please provide the supporting article for your statement.

26/01/2015

Ann

I'm writting publication now and this information is very helpful for me. Please, send me any information about reference you citation for example author, year, journal. Thanks

10/08/2016

DR GLENN GUY II

Since cbd has no specific brain receptor identified only peripheral,in spinal cord then how can you say cbd provide pain releif.I mediated through the neocortex?

29/03/2017

Scarlet Palmer

Hi Glenn,

Thank you for your comment. I have brought it to the attention of Sheshata, the author of this post.

With best wishes,

Scarlet

30/03/2017

Richard

According to A. C Guyton, and numerous others neuro anatomy and physiology texts, there are 3 analgesic (Pain) inhibitors centers in the body:

1. Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord-which is exactly were the cbd receptors are located
2. And 2 in the Brain Stem
-80% of the pain fibers stop in the brain stem and only 20% of the pain fibers continue on to the neocortex.

12/06/2018

Ameri_Canna Blunt

Thanks Great article thanks . Im sharing to twitter . my mind is racing w interesting implications for the use of this isolated plant property . I appreciate it .

26/04/2017

Zaddy

Good stuff, looking forward to more

29/06/2017

John

Can you get high off of it?

08/08/2017

by Seshata on 03/04/2013 | Medicinal

Cannabinoid Science 101: What is 2-AG?

2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the other main endocannabinoid, that along with anandamide, has an effect on the CB receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. Specifically, 2-AG is a full agonist of both CB receptors, and is the primary ligand (binding molecule) for the CB2 receptor.

by Seshata on 30/05/2013 | Consumption

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by Seshata on 13/06/2016 | Consumption

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by Seshata on 14/04/2017 | Consumption

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Cannabicyclol (CBL) is a little-studied phytocannabinoid that occurs naturally in the cannabis plant. Very little is known about CBL or its potential in medicine. Most existing research into CBL has focused on the structure and biosynthesis of the molecule itself, and the few studies that have looked into its use in specific medical applications have not yielded promising results.

by Seshata on 12/06/2017 | Medicinal

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Cannabidivarin (CBDV) is a naturally-occurring phytocannabinoid that occurs in small traces in certain strains of the cannabis plant. Although less studied than its more famous counterparts such as THC and CBD, research is beginning to uncover the medical potential of CBDV to treat epilepsy and other neurological conditions.

by Silent Jay on 12/01/2018 | Medicinal

Cannabinoids – what are they and what do they do?

Cannabinoids are naturally present in plants of the Cannabis Sativa L. species. We ingest them when consuming cannabis or hemp – more or less depending on what exactly is consumed, and how. The human body also produces cannabinoids, and there are many ways we are still discovering their properties, benefits, and manifestations.